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Instrumentation medical devices urological therapy
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<span>Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron
"urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as
genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and
medical diseases of the male and female urinary tract system and the male
reproductive organs. The organs under the domain of urology include the
kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male
reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate, and penis).</span>
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<span>The urinary and reproductive tracts are
closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus, a major
spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of
genitourinary disorders. Urology combines the management of medical (i.e.,
non-surgical) conditions, such as urinary tract infections and benign prostatic
hyperplasia, with the management of surgical conditions such as bladder or
prostate cancer, kidney stones, congenital abnormalities, traumatic injury, and
stress incontinence.</span>
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<span>Urology has traditionally been on the
cutting edge of surgical technology in the field of medicine, including
minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery, laser-assisted surgeries,
and a host of other scope-guided procedures. Urologists are trained in open and
minimally invasive techniques, employing real-time ultrasound guidance,
fiber-optic endoscopic equipment, and various lasers in the treatment of
multiple benign and malignant conditions.[1] In addition, urologists are
pioneers in the use of robotics in laparoscopic surgery. Urology is closely
related to (and urologists often collaborate with the practitioners of)
oncology, nephrology, gynaecology, andrology, pediatric surgery, colorectal
surgery, gastroenterology, and endocrinology.</span>
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<span>Urology is one of the most competitive and
highly sought-after surgical specialties for physicians, with new urologists
comprising less than 1.5% of United States medical school graduates each
year.[2][3] In Canada, urology is an exceedingly difficult specialty to match,
with less than 0.1% of the position dedicated to it.</span>
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Urologic
surgeons, or urologists, undergo a post-graduate surgical training period for a
minimum of five years, of which 12 months must be completed in general surgery
and 36 months must be completed in clinical urology. The remaining 12 months
are spent in general surgery, urology, or other clinical disciplines relevant
to urology.[4] Upon successful completion of a residency program, many
urologists choose to undergo further advanced training in a subspecialty area
of expertise through a fellowship lasting an additional 12 to 36 months.
Subspecialties may include: urologic surgery, urologic oncology and urologic
oncological surgery, endourology and endourologic surgery, urogynecology and
urogynecologic surgery, reconstructive urologic surgery (a form of
reconstructive surgery), minimally invasive urologic surgery, pediatric urology
and pediatric urologic surgery (including adolescent urology, the treatment of
premature or delayed puberty, and the treatment of congenital urological
syndromes, malformations, and deformations), transplant urology (the field of
transplant medicine and surgery concerned with transplantation of organs such
as the kidneys, bladder tissue, ureters, and, recently, penises), voiding
dysfunction, neurourology, and androurology and sexual medicine. Additionally,
some urologists supplement their fellowships with a master's degree (2–3 years)
or a Ph.D. (4-6 years) in related topics to prepare them for an academic as we
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